The three file systems at a glance

  • NTFS – the standard for Windows system and data drives. Journaled, supports permissions and large files.
  • FAT32 – very old and very compatible. Maximum file size of 4 GB; Windows only offers it for partitions up to 32 GB in its format tool.
  • exFAT – made for flash drives and memory cards. No 4 GB limit and works on Windows, macOS, cameras and TVs.

How deletion works on NTFS

NTFS keeps a record for every file in the Master File Table (MFT). On delete, the record is marked as unused, but the name, size, parent folder and the list of clusters usually stay readable until the record is reused. That is why NTFS recovery can often restore full names and folder structure, even for fragmented files.

How deletion works on FAT32 and exFAT

On FAT32, the first character of the file name is replaced and the cluster chain in the File Allocation Table is cleared. The start cluster and size remain, so recovery works well for files stored in one piece. Long file names are often still readable.

exFAT marks the directory entries as not in use and clears the allocation bitmap. Files written in one piece keep a “no FAT chain” flag, which makes them easy to recover.

TEA-disk reads all three: NTFS MFT records, FAT12/16/32 directory entries with long names, and exFAT entry sets.

Which one should you use?

  • Windows system or internal data drive: NTFS.
  • Pendrive or SD card for many devices: exFAT.
  • Very old devices (car stereos, old cameras): FAT32, if they do not support exFAT.

How to check a drive's file system

Open This PC, right-click the drive and choose Properties. The file system is shown on the General tab. TEA-disk also shows it in the drive list.

Frequently asked questions

Is data recovery easier on NTFS?

Generally yes for names and folders, because NTFS keeps more information about deleted files. Flash drives with exFAT are also very recoverable if you stop using them quickly.

Can converting a drive to another file system delete my files?

Reformatting to change the file system replaces the file table. Always copy your files off first.

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